Latrun - The Battle for Latrun

Israelis celebrated their 59th Yom Ha'atzmaut, or Independence Day, in late April, immediately following the annual commemoration of fallen soldiers. This way they celebrate the nation's re-establishment on May 15, 1948 while also honoring those who fell in battle to create and defend the state.

By AARON HECHT
One of the fiercest and most important battles of the War of Independence was the fight for the fortress of Latrun, which commanded the main road between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. This series of engagements is important in its own right, and also because some who fought there went on to become monumental figures. Two would even rise to the office of prime minister - Yitzhak Rabin and Ariel Sharon. The fortress at Latrun, and a nearby Trappist monastery, overlook the scenic Ayalon Valley, about 10 miles west of Jerusalem. Its commanding location along an ancient route gave it great strategic value, making it the site of many battles throughout history, going back to biblical times. Here, Joshua prayed for God to make the sun stand still so he could finish defeating the Amorites (Joshua 10:12-13). There is also evidence that Latrun is the site of Emmaus - where Jesus appeared to two of his disciples after the Resurrection (Luke 24:13-35), and in 167 BCE the Ayalon Valley was where Judah the Maccabi won an important victory over the Seljuks. The Templars built a fortress there in 1187.
In the late 1930s in Mandatory Palestine, there were a series of riots by Arab residents against the Jewish community and British rule. Because of this, the British Army built a series of 'Taggart' forts, named for the engineer who designed them, which were essentially fortified police stations at strategic points. Latrun was a natural site for a Taggart fort due to its view of the main Tel Aviv-Jerusalem highway. But as the British garrison left Latrun on May 14, 1948, the Arab Legion of Transjordan moved in, initiating one of the darkest hours for the new Jewish state. 
The Arab Legion used this location to deny Jewish access to Jerusalem, so its 100,000 Jewish residents began to starve. As one drives along this route today, one can see the carefully preserved remains of the crudely armored trucks that were destroyed trying to break the blockade nearly 60 years ago. Israeli leader David Ben-Gurion believed that the loss of Jerusalem would be fatal to the newly established state, so he made a risky decision to commit scarce military resources to the taking of Latrun. On May 24, the fortress was assaulted by Israeli forces, including a young platoon commander named Ariel Sharon. Sharon was severely wounded during the attack, but because of a tactical decision to retreat, he lived to fight another day.
The initial assault cost the Arab Legion heavy casualties. A week later, on June 1, another attempt was launched, and although the outer defenses were breached, this attack was also repulsed, this time with heavy losses on both sides. A third attack was repelled in the days leading up to the first truce of June 11. Many of the Israeli conscripts were Holocaust survivors who had been thrown into battle poorly trained and poorly equipped soon after arriving in the land. Their high casualty rate remains a point of controversy in Israel to this day. Despite the fact that the attacks failed to drive out the Arab Legionnaires, they did prevent the Jordanians from leaving the fortress, and this bought the Jews the time and space they needed to carve out an alternative route to the south that lifted the siege of Jerusalem.
This 'Burma Road' was built by engineers of the new Israeli army, led by Col. David Marcus, a graduate of West Point and a WWII veteran. Created by using bulldozers to widen an ancient goat path, the road was completed just before the first truce went into effect on June 11, allowing a flow of soldiers, weapons and supplies into West Jerusalem and quite possibly saving the newborn state. No further attempts were made to dislodge the Arab Legion from Latrun during the War of Independence, and so the Latrun salient stayed under Jordanian control according to the terms of the cease-fire agreement of 1949. Arab snipers made the fort a constant hazard to Jewish travelers along the Tel Aviv to Jerusalem highway until the 1967 Six- Day War, when the IDF captured it in one hour. Because of Latrun's strategic location, there is overwhelming consensus in Israel that the hilltop will not be relinquished as part of any settlement of the Israeli- Palestinian conflict.
Following the 1967 conflict, the Taggart fort was turned into a museum which today is the central feature of Yad Lashiryon. There are over 150 armored vehicles on the site, from primitive armored cars used in the 1948 war to the latest Israeli-built Merkava Mark IV, the most advanced battle tank in the world. Armored vehicles from other nations are also on display, including American, British, French and even Soviet-built equipment.
Perhaps the most interesting vehicles are two German Panzer tanks originally used by the Wehrmacht in World War II that fell into the hands of the Soviet Red Army, were transferred to Syria in the 1950s and later captured by the IDF in fighting on the Golan.Other features of the museum include a Wall of Names, where the names of all the IDF soldiers who have fallen in Israel's wars are inscribed. A Hall of Honor holds pictures of the fallen and information about who they were. The old British police station contains a library and walk-thru museum where visitors can learn about the history of the IDF Armored Corps and soldiers can prepare for their future careers. Despite being a museum, Latrun is still in everyday use as a training, education and resource center. Much of the material in its library is only accessible to soldiers with a high security clearance.
A few hundred meters away is the monastery of Latrun, built in 1890 by Trappist monks from France. The monks are strict vegetarians, have taken a vow of silence, and support themselves through manual labor. This includes the production of grapes for the monastery's excellent wines and olives for the production of olive oil. The monastery is also a place of pilgrimage for many Christians who come to study on the quiet grounds, enjoy the beautiful scenery and soak in the rich history of the area.