Who are the Circassians of northern Israel?

The modest spread of Circassian cheese – including a delicately smoked cheese – cut vegetables and fruit that Sara Thakoo, the proprietor of Elbrus Dairy in the Circassian village of Kafr Kama, has laid out is very enticing. There are also plates labaneh drenched in olive oil, along with smaller dishes of za’atar and khun-hajigh, an orange Circassian spice made from coriander seeds.

“Labaneh is not a traditional Circassian dish, but when Jewish [Israelis] come, they always ask for labaneh, so we started making labaneh, too,” says Thakoo, with an amused smile.

Though Muslim and often lumped together with the Druze, Circassians are neither ethnically Arab nor even from the historical Levant region – they are... Circassian and originate from the Black Sea region of the Caucasus. In many ways, their history is similar to Jewish history, with expulsion and genocide, and maintaining their culture and traditions while longing for their homeland.

One of two Circassian villages in Israel, Kafr Kama is located in the Lower Galilee near Kfar Tavor. It was selected this year by the UN World Tourism Organization to be included in its 2022 list of tourist villages recommended to visit, making it one of only 32 UNWTO-recognized “tourism villages” in the world. In the prior year, the first time the designation was given, 44 villages were chosen.

Kafr Kama’s smaller sister village, Rehaniya, is on the Lebanese border near Safed.

The UNWTO award ceremony will take place in Saudi Arabia on February 26 and will be attended by representatives of the Israeli Tourism Ministry and Kafr Kama.

Details of the actual logistics of a visit by an Israeli delegation to a country with which Israel has no official diplomatic relations have not yet been clarified, according to Nira Fisher, the ministry’s director of international relations, who accompanied Kafr Kama through the application process.

“Kafr Kama is not just another village in Israel. It is a village of refugees who came here one and a half centuries ago by force, after we were expelled... by the Russian Empire from our homeland in the Caucasus. But despite the years which have gone by, we have succeeded in maintaining our language, culture and food. We are the largest authentic [Circassian] village. That is what makes us different from the others who were banished; we make a lot of effort to preserve our traditions.”

Zakaria Napso

Village of refugees

“Kafr Kama is not just another village in Israel,” asserted Zakaria Napso, Kafr Kama local council head. “It is a village of refugees who came here one and a half centuries ago by force, after we were expelled... by the Russian Empire from our homeland in the Caucasus. But despite the years which have gone by, we have succeeded in maintaining our language, culture and food. We are the largest authentic [Circassian] village. That is what makes us different from the others who were banished; we make a lot of effort to preserve our traditions.”

That they are so often grouped together with the Druze in budgetary matters is largely due to the government designation given to them as a minority group that serves in the army, he explained. But they work hard at making the differences between them known, he said.

Both Circassian villages in Israel were founded some 150 years ago – four years before Rosh Pina, the first Jewish agricultural settlement in the Galilee – by survivors of the Circassian genocide and expulsion of Circassians from their native land in the Caucasus at the end of the 101-year Russo-Circassian War.

Jewish newcomers to the Yishuv and the Circassian refugees found common ground in their history of Russian persecution and knowledge of the Russian language, and collaborated in terms of agriculture and security.

Located in an area of strategic importance to various empires, the Caucasus and its peoples were caught in the cross fire of diverse political interests, after the Russian Empire sought to impose its influence on the region between the Black and Caspian seas (some things don’t seem to change) and rid it of its mostly Muslim ethnic tribes, including the Chechens and Circassians.

The Tsarist Russian Empire and the waning Ottoman Empire battled it out for control over the area from 1763 to 1864, resulting in the deaths of some two million Circassians, with 90% of the remaining population exiled.

The last of the Circassian army was defeated in a bloody massacre of soldiers and civilians on May 21, 1864, in Sochi, considered by many Circassians as their traditional capital city. Known by Circassians as The Red Hill, it is where, in 2014, the skiing and snowboarding events took place during the Sochi Olympic Winter Games. Circassians maintain the Olympic Village was built over the mass graves of their murdered ancestors.

“For us it is very hard to speak of Sochi,” said Aibek Napso, director of the Kafr Kama Circassian Heritage Center, who describes himself as a third-generation Israeli. Napso is a common Circassian last name, and Aibek and Zakaria are not related. “For Circassians, to say ‘Sochi’ is like saying ‘Auschwitz.’ It is a massive graveyard under all the Olympic [construction]. From my [Shapsug] tribe there are more than 230,000 bodies buried in Sochi.... We are asking every country to recognize the Circassian Genocide and the need for a state of our own.”

For Circassians, to say ‘Sochi’ is like saying ‘Auschwitz.’ It is a massive graveyard under all the Olympic [construction]. From my [Shapsug] tribe there are more than 230,000 bodies buried in Sochi.... We are asking every country to recognize the Circassian Genocide and the need for a state of our own.”

Aibek Napso

He quickly added: “We are not asking for a land in Israel – there is enough conflict here – but in the Caucasus, in a place called Circassia.”

While Georgia recognizes the Circassian genocide, Russia does not. (The Russian Embassy in Israel did not respond to the Magazine’s email request for comment by press time. If one is received, it will be published here.)

Regardless, Napso emphasized: “If I was born 10 times, I would choose again and again to be born in Kafr Kama. It is like a piece of heaven.”

Arriving in the Promised Land

The survivors of the 1864 genocide turned for refuge to the Ottoman Empire, which saw them as a pool of experienced fighters.

The “sick man of Europe” – as the Ottoman Empire had been dubbed by Tsar Nicholas I – sent them across the sea on harrowing journeys which many did not survive, mainly to the Middle East to defend areas under Ottoman control against nomadic Bedouin tribes, in what are today the states of Jordan, Syria and Israel.

There are also exiled Circassian communities in Europe, the United States and Turkey, where the bulk of the community lives, but only a small Circassian community remains in the historical lands of Circassia, which are today controlled by Russia.

But in the quiet and inordinately clean hamlet of Kafr Kama, with its some 3,300 residents, the memory of their homeland can be seen everywhere, from the names of streets – named after cultural Circassian traditions, regions and the 12 Circassian tribes, which are written on the street signs in Hebrew, Arabic and Circassian – to businesses bearing traditional Circassian names. Mount Elbrus, for which the Thakoo’s dairy is named after, is the highest peak of the Caucasus Mountain in the western part of the Caucasus along what is today the Russian-Georgian border.

“Israel is the only place where you have Circassian names for the streets,” said Aibek Napso.

Retaining ancestral memory

The connection to the community’s ancestral homeland, which has been divided by Russia into the individual southern republics of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria, also remains in the form of traditional food, dance and language it has resolutely preserved.

Through its educational system, which it has managed separately from the Arab sector since 1976, the community has ensured that its culture is passed down to the younger generations.

Along with Circassian history and traditions, schoolchildren are taught the Circassian Adyghe language, as well as Hebrew, Arabic and English. Because of its complexity, the language is preserved mainly in its spoken form.

There are two elementary schools in the village, where boys and girls study together, and several kindergartens. Circassian youngsters attend the local council high school together with Jewish students.

“Ninety percent of the Circassian population in 50 different countries no longer speak the language,” noted Aibek Napso. “I believe by the end of the century there will be no Circassians living on this planet.”

Since there are less than 5,000 Circassians in Israel, he is used to having to explain to Israelis who his people are and where they come from.

“After all the time we have lived here, we still have to explain who we are,” he said.

Sometimes there are minor verbal arguments with fellow Muslims because on the one hand, Circassians are Muslims. But on the other, they are not Arabs, he said. But in general, Circassians have good relations with everybody.

Indeed, Circassians also maintain a connection to their distant pagan past by celebrating their New Year on March 22, the day after the spring equinox.

Many Israeli soccer fans know about the Circassian community through Bibars Natcho, who plays midfielder for the Serbian Partizan club and serves as the captain of the Israeli national team.

In every country where they reside, Circassian communities have assimilated into the majority society, and in modern days, though the young men of the Circassian community serve in the IDF, the community prefers to remain neutral on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

When asked about the current hard-right government, which has aroused much opposition in Israeli politics, Zakaria Napso answered diplomatically.

“We hope they will all put aside their ‘euphoria,’ both the Right and the Left, and return to really speaking to each other one-to-one to resolve the problems we have,” he said. “There is a country to be managed.”

Easy does it

Aibek Napso hopes that the UN designation will bring more attention to his community’s singular cultural and historical heritage, he said. At the same time, however, he said he intends to help carry out a careful and measured process of bringing tourists to his village in a way that will be sustainable and manageable so as not to disturb its unique way of life.

As the village is already a site of interest for a certain segment of Israelis – such as local school groups and retirees – the residents want to take care that it does not turn into a Daliat al-Carmel of souvenir shops and grilled meat restaurants. Parking outside the village will need to be organized, enough public toilets provided, and rules of garbage disposal strictly enforced, said Aibek Napso.

“Last week, in addition to our residents, there were 1,000 tourists driving their cars in Kafr Kama,” he said. The quiet streets of the village, where some people use golf carts to get around, are not fit for that amount of congestion, and solutions will need to be found, he said.

“It is a lot, a lot. We have some concerns; not all tourists can be educated, and if there are 1,000 people, it is enough for 500 to throw their cigarette butts or water bottles in the street instead of in the recycling bin to [pollute the village]. We want to do it step by step and educate them. We are also learning. This is something new for us.”

In the Heritage Center he manages, visitors will be able to arrange visits to see a short video presentation recounting the Circassian history and see the center’s small but interesting exhibition of items from Circassian daily life.

People will be able to stroll along the narrow streets of the old city, to see the older homes built from basalt stones and can take note of the small details from times gone by, such as a tiny metal man-shaped window latch of the older houses, which was sometimes used by a young lady being courted to let her suitor know, by the inclination of the latch, whether it was safe for him to visit, whether her parents were home or not.

The uniquely shaped village mosque embodies the three different stages the community experienced: the square bottom represents the shape of traditional Circassian homes; the middle octagon section symbolizes the transfer Circassians suffered; and the minaret denotes the Ottoman Empire, explained Aibek Napso.

“Rural tourism has the power to take people to other cultures and bring economic [growth] to small places,” said Fisher. “We will want to start communication [with other villages] so we can learn how to do tourism correctly and find solutions to problems.”

Currently, there are four bed-and-breakfasts in the village, she said, and more accommodations in the surrounding area, including in Kfar Tavor and hotels in Tiberias, which is a 20-minute drive away.

“We don’t want the impact of this designation to stay only in this area, but in circles around it. We want to keep the uniqueness of the village. We don’t want tourists walking 24 hours a day in the neighborhoods,” she said.

Ties with the international Circassian diaspora

Young Circassians in Israel attend annual summer camps, and there are international interchanges with other Circassian communities abroad so cultural and national ties can be maintained – and also to help young Circassians meet one another, to encourage marriage within the community, while being exposed to the “brotherhood of the Circassians,” said Aibek Napso.

The community discourages intermarriage in order to maintain its cultural identity, but there about 20 mixed-marriage couples in the village, including to Russians, Ukrainians and Israeli Jews. There are few mixed marriages with Muslim Arabs because of the difference in culture, he noted.

Most young people from the village return to Kafr Kama after their studies and travel, added Aibek Napso.

“We have our unique goal, and everyone lives with the same goal: to be a Circassian,” he said.

Sixty-eight percent of the young Circassian women continue to higher academic education in diverse disciplines such as hi-tech, nursing, accounting, law and business management, while only 38% of the young men do so following their army service.

“The army service has its effect,” said Zakaria Napso, noting the men usually work in local industries and businesses.

The birth rate is low among the Circassian community in Israel, with an average of 1.6 children per couple, and that is worrisome, said Zakaria Napso, who has four children, all with professional degrees.

“It is a problem now because young couples are busy with their lives and careers, and that affects the number of children they have,” he said. “For our community to survive, the average needs to be two children.”

Being a bridge

He said that in the past 10 years the local council has tried to make up for the gaps in infrastructure and planning which existed between Kafr Kama and its neighbors, partly because of government neglect and partly because of poor local management and lack of knowledge of how the planning system works at the village level. Now, he said there is a master plan for the village.

“We have invested a lot in [closing the gaps],” he said. “Now we have all the permits for the master plan.”

Living in the Lower Galilee, they have good relations with all their neighbors and cooperate with the local councils, he said.

“There is no racism in our area,” he added. “We cooperate with the Arabs and the Jews. We have succeeded in making ourselves a bridge between the two.”

In addition to the Circassian cheeses of the Elbrus Dairy, traditional Circassian food attracts visitors to Kafr Kama. Entrepreneur Suzi Ashmooz opened a home catering business, Suzie’s Kitchen, where visitors can dine, by reservation, on traditional Circassian fare such as mataza, cheese-filled pastries; haluz, fried bread; hajaghaes-pasta, a polenta-like dish along with is sautéed vegetable topping of hajaghaes-nataef; and round date-filled cookies called halgujhan. Just don’t expect to find hummus on the table.

Romantic and daring traditional dance

Marriages to Circassians from abroad have also brought new initiatives to the village. A German Circassian woman who married a local Kafr Kama man opened a German waffle shop.

Rustam Apsha, a Russian Circassian who married a local woman, became a soccer coach and teaches dance in the traditional Circassian dance troupe, which provides a most colorful spectacle.

Traditionally, dance has given young people the opportunity to connect with each other, with the young woman using her delicate movements to give subtle hints to her would-be suitors, whether overtures for courtship are welcome or not.

“I know there are Circassians in Syria and Turkey, but I wanted to see what it is like here. It is better than Turkey; here, there is democracy,” said Apsha, 40, the father of two children. “I just want to live. It is more comfortable here. There [in Russia], it is not so free. Here, we can commemorate May 21, the day of our genocide. Every year, we go from our village to the Knesset.”

Like with other communities, many of the unique traditions are fading, as youngsters get sucked into the pop culture of mobile phones and social media apps, but the food and the beautiful traditional dances have retained their importance for most of the Circassian community at weddings and social events.

The traditional dance troupe led by Apsha is a popular ensemble in the village. With the men wearing fur hats, long belted jackets studded with [fake] bullets and daggers, and the women wearing long, flowing, intricately embroidered dresses and tall characteristic headdresses, the performances are both romantic and daring. With their delicate movements, the women seem to be floating above the ground, while the men jump and twirl fiercely in steps emanating from their warrior past.

“It is very important for us, as a community, to maintain our culture,” said Nafna Napso, 19, a dancer in the Kafr Kama dance troupe. “Not every Circassian in other parts of the world speak Circassian, but everywhere where we are, what we have in common are our traditional dances.”

She noted that in her daily life she normally speaks to her friends in Hebrew, but when she sends texts, she uses Hebrew letters to write in Circassian.

“We feel very welcome here, though we are not Middle Eastern and live very different lives here [in Kafr Kama],” she said. “This is our home, and Circassia is our homeland.” 