‘And Pharaoh’s cup was in my hand; and I took the grapes, and pressed them into Pharaoh’s cup’ (Miketz; Genesis 40:11).
By SHLOMO RISKINPharohs cup 311(photo credit: Israel Weiss)
The Festival of Hanukka celebrates two momentous and fateful victories of Judea over Greco-Syria in the second century before the Common Era, during the period of the Second Temple. Greco-Syria was one of three heirs to the political and cultural hegemony of Alexander the Great, a masterful military tactician whose goal was to spread Hellenistic culture throughout the “Fertile Crescent.” Despite the brevity of his life, he succeeded to an amazing extent – and, miraculously, he allowed the State of Judea to maintain its municipal and religious independence.Jewish lore records that when Alexander the Great entered the gates of Jerusalem, the High Priest Shimon the Righteous came out to greet him. The mighty conqueror bowed before the High Priest, exclaiming that before every battle, in his dreams, he received a blessing for victory from the High Priest. Hence Judea received a special dispensation and that year every male baby born was named Alexander.About 150 years later, prior to the victory of Hanukka, the situation changed drastically. Greco-Syria and Greco-Egypt were struggling for control over the Alexandrian empire and the High Priests of Judea were becoming more and more enamored of the popular Hellenistic culture, replete with Olympic athletic games dedicated to the idolatrous gods of Mount Olympus and hedonistic orgies. The High Priest Menelaus wished to turn Judea into a Greek city-state, bringing idolatrous activities right into the heart of Jerusalem.
A civil war ensued, with the religious Hasmoneans rebelling valiantly against the establishment Hellenistassimilationists. When the Hasmoneans appeared close to victory, the Hellenist rulers called Greco-Syria for help, agreeing that Judea would become a satrap of Syria once the rebellion was quelled. Hence the Hasmoneans were battling for both the political and religious independence of Judea. Their military victory secured the political independence; the rededication of the Holy Temple’s menorah – symbolizing the “candles of commandment and the light of Torah” – expressed the renewed religious commitment of the newly formed revolutionary leadership.But if our kindling of the Hanukka menorah represents the victory of Torah Hebraism over assimilationist Hellenism, why does the Talmud ordain the essential lighting of the menorah to take place in the Jewish home and not in the synagogue? The sages called the synagogue “a miniature Holy Temple,” so would it not be more a more appropriate location for our Hanukka celebrations?I discovered the answer in a beautiful city in Portugal. Among the many institutions of Ohr Torah Stone is the Joseph and Gwendolyn Straus Rabbinical Seminary, which trains rabbis and sends them to Jewish communities all over the world. Our rabbis in Portugal began asking many questions about the Marranos, or Crypto- Jews, who are quite numerous there. These are the descendants of Jews who were forced to convert to Christianity during the times of the Catholic Inquisition. Now they wish to return to their Jewish faith. What is their status? Do they require formal conversion?I visited Portugal to meet these Crypto-Jewish communities in order to assess how to enable them to reunite with their Jewish heritage.Rabbi Elisha Sales, the rabbi sent by Shavei Israel (an organization dedicated to finding “lost Jews”) to minister to the Marrano communities in the towns and villages outside of Lisbon, introduced me to people all of whom shared a burning desire to emerge from their repressed underground of furtive whispers into Jewish pride and observance.He took me to the magnificent new synagogue in Belmonte where I joined 70 to 80 Crypto-Jews who gathered for the weekday evening prayer. Every word was recited aloud by each participant. The cantor, a 15-yearold student of the rabbi, led us all in the spirited singing.They explained that four families went underground in 1492. For 500 years, their descendants married one another while keeping Judaism secretly. They rebuilt the synagogue; and now at least 120 attend prayers there every Friday night and Sabbath day!
At the entrance-way to the sanctuary is the following inscription in Hebrew:“Here in this place, the chain of our tradition has not been severed… As a result of government decrees, the Jewish residents of this village, like other Jews throughout Spain and Portugal, were forced to publicly deny their Jewish religion. But they maintained their Judaism in their homes. Here the candle of Jewish light was never extinguished. For a period of 500 years, from 1492 [when the one synagogue in Belmonte was destroyed] until 2002 [when it was reopened], in the homes of this village the Jewish commandments were secretly performed, the tradition was transmitted from parent to child in hushed tones, the Sabbath was sanctified in hiding while Sunday was celebrated before the eyes of the neighbors. They made blessings over the halla and the wine and mumbled words of Hebrew prayers in the darkness. Here the Jewish soul was never lost. Here the Jewish soul remains forever… From the midst of the past will rise the future. From the bleak darkness of the Middle Ages shall emerge the light of this synagogue.”Hanukka celebrates the eternal Jewish spirit in the face of assimilation. Belmonte proves that it is the Jewish home which preserves the Jewish spirit – even in the total absence of a synagogue.The writer is the founder and chancellor of Ohr Torah Stone Colleges and Graduate Programs and chief rabbi of Efrat.
