Egyptians head to the polls on Sunday for a presidential election in which Abdel Fattah al-Sisi is poised to win a third term in power as the country grapples with an economic crisis and a war on its border with Gaza.
Victory would hand Sisi a six-year term in which immediate priorities would be taming near-record inflation, managing a chronic foreign currency shortage and preventing spillover from the conflict between Israel and Gaza's Hamas rulers.
Voting, which runs from 9 a.m. until 9 p.m. (0700-1900 GMT), is spread over three days, with results due to be announced on December 18.
Critics see the election as a sham after a decade-long crackdown on dissent. The government's media body has called it a step towards political pluralism.
Three candidates qualified to stand against Sisi in the election, none of them high-profile figures. The most prominent potential challenger halted his run in October, saying officials and thugs had targeted his supporters - accusations dismissed by the national election authority.
Sisi has cracked down on dissent, critics see election as a sham
Authorities and commentators on tightly controlled local media have been urging Egyptians to turn out to vote, though some people said they were unaware when the election was taking place in the days before the poll. Others said voting would make little difference.
"I was aware there are elections happening but I had no idea when. I only knew that because of the massive Sisi campaigns around the streets," said Aya Mohamed, a 35-year-old marketing executive.
"I feel indifferent about the elections because there will be no real change," she said.
As army chief, Sisi led the 2013 ouster of Egypt's first democratically elected president, Mohamed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood, before being elected to the presidency the following year with 97% of the vote.
Since then he has overseen a crackdown that has swept up liberal and leftist activists as well as Islamists and that rights groups say has seen tens of thousands jailed. He was reelected in 2018, again with 97%.
Sisi and his backers say the crackdown was needed to stabilize Egypt and counter Islamist extremism. He has presented himself as a bulwark of stability as conflict has erupted on Egypt's borders in Libya, and earlier this year in Sudan and Gaza.
But economic pressures have become the dominant issue for Egypt's fast-growing population of 104 million, with some people complaining that the government has prioritized costly mega-projects while the state takes on more debt and citizens struggle with soaring prices.
"Enough of projects and infrastructure, we want the prices to go down, we want for the impoverished to eat and people to have a living," said Imad Atef, a vegetable seller in Cairo.
Some analysts say the election, originally expected in early 2024, was brought forward so economic changes - including a devaluation of an already weakened currency - could be implemented after the vote.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) said on Thursday it was in talks with Egypt to agree to additional financing under an existing, $3-billion loan program that had stalled due to delays in sales of state assets and a promised shift towards a more flexible exchange rate.
"All indicators suggest that we're going to move quite quickly after the election in terms of proceeding with the IMF reform," said Hany Genena, chief economist at Cairo Financial Holding, an investment bank.