The Israel-Hamas war has thrust Israel and Palestinians back on the front burner of US policy and abruptly injected some long-standing divisive issues into the 2024 presidential race.
Both President Joe Biden and former president Donald Trump express baseline support for Israel, but they diverge significantly on a two-state solution, settlements, and other key questions.
Here's a comparison of their positions and track records:
Israel
Biden has generally continued what had for decades been a bipartisan approach to Israel: strong support but always with varying degrees of inclusion and assistance for the Palestinians. Biden has used US power on occasion to attempt to influence Israeli behavior, such as in its conduct of the current war or in resisting controversial changes to Israel's judiciary, which many saw as undemocratic.
He has not gone as far as president Barack Obama, for example, who insisted Israel freeze the construction of settlements in areas claimed by the Palestinians.
But when push comes to shove, Biden has sided with Israel, declining to significantly hold back military aid and vetoing United Nations measures opposed by Israel, including a recent one to formally recognize a Palestinian state.
Even so, Biden — like most past US leaders — has sought to maintain some balance and support for Palestinians and to present the United States as a potential mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
By contrast, Trump was the first US chief executive who gave near-absolute, unconditional support to Israel, handing the government of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu everything it asked for and then some.
Trump moved the US Embassy from Tel Aviv to the disputed capital of Jerusalem, the first major country to do so. He endorsed Israeli control of the Golan Heights, a contested fertile plateau that Israel seized from Syria in the 1967 Middle East war. He did so without concessions from Israel.
Trump was so popular among right-wing Israelis that Netanyahu used him as he campaigned for reelection, adorning cities across Israel with huge posters of the two men together. A Jewish settlement in the West Bank named itself after Trump.
Trump's one-sided approach won him praise from some pro-Israel advocates, but critics say he also sacrificed valuable US leverage in negotiating broader peace in the region.
Israel-Hamas war
Biden voiced US support for Israel and its right to self-defense after the Oct. 7 Hamas attack that left nearly 1,200 Israelis and others dead.
"The United States stands with the people of Israel in the face of these terrorist assaults — [US support] is rock solid and unwavering," Biden said from the White House, within hours of the attacks and before traveling to Tel Aviv to stand by Netanyahu. "Israel has the right to defend itself and its people, full stop."
Biden, nevertheless, has advised the Israeli government to show more restraint in its attacks on Palestinians in Gaza to minimize civilian casualties and to rein in vigilante violence against Palestinians in the West Bank.
With mounting international condemnation over an Israeli military response that has left more than 36,000 Palestinians dead, critics say that the Biden administration hasn't done enough to restrain Israel. The president recently stepped up pressure for an immediate cease-fire and unveiled a plan that would free hostages and bring about a final end to the war.
By contrast, Trump hasn't expressed concern for Palestinian casualties. He has urged Israel to "get the job done" to destroy Hamas. "You have to finish up your war," Trump told the right-wing Israeli newspaper Israel Hayom in late March. "You gotta get it done."
Trump accused Biden of "abandoning" Israel when the administration briefly suspended the shipment of 2,000-pound bombs to Israel as Israel threatened to move into the southern Gazan city of Rafah.
Trump criticized Israel for "losing the PR battle" by allowing images of the war in Gaza to be disseminated. He did not explain how Israel could prevent that.
Palestinian statehood
Biden supports an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel, an idea that remains dominant in the international community's position toward the region.
"As we look to the future, the only real solution to the situation is a two-state solution over time," Biden said in his State of the Union address this year. "There is no other path that guarantees Israel's security and democracy. There is no other path that guarantees ... that Palestinians can live in peace [with] dignity."
Trump has been dismissive of the aspiration of a Palestinian state, although on occasion, he has not discounted it completely. He shut down the de-facto Palestinian embassy in Washington and generally refused to meet with Palestinian leaders as president.
Most importantly, Trump's decision to move the US Embassy to Jerusalem reversed decades of US and international policy that held that ultimate designation of the capital of Israel would be determined in a final peace agreement. Palestinians also claim parts of Jerusalem as their capital.
Biden has not reversed the Trump move, leaving the embassy in Jerusalem, nor has he made good on a promise to reopen the US Consulate in east Jerusalem, which historically had served Palestinians and was closed by Trump.Gaza's future?
President Biden has been adamant that any future arrangement for the Gaza Strip leave it intact and in Palestinian hands.
Trump has not pronounced one way or the other. But he has previously been receptive to plans floated by Israel to annex Gaza and even the West Bank.
Trump's son-in-law, Jared Kushner, who served as the then-president's point man for the Middle East, voiced some ideas. He told an interviewer he believed the best option in the conflict was to "bulldoze something in the Negev," the desert in southern Israel that borders Egypt, and move Palestinians there so that Israel forces could "finish the job" in Gaza. Kushner made the comments to the Middle East Initiative, a program at Harvard University.
Kushner added that Gaza's "waterfront property" could be "very valuable" and said that allowing Palestinians to have a state was a "super bad idea." It is not clear what, if any, role he would have in a possible future Trump administration or whether his views reflect those of his father-in-law.
Settlements
The Biden administration has revived long-standing US policy that the Jewish settlements Israel erects in the West Bank are an impediment to peace. Most of the world goes a step further, saying they are illegal. Still, Israel continues to build them, despite protests from the State Department.
The administration in December did take the unusual measure of sanctioning a small number of Israeli settlers deemed responsible for deadly attacks on Palestinians in the West Bank. Settlers have seized Palestinian land, destroyed their olive tree orchards, and burned their homes.
Trump took no steps as president to rein in settlements, and his administration moved to legitimize them.
Trump's secretary of state, Michael R. Pompeo, said in 2019 that contrary to decades of US policy, the Jewish settlements built in the West Bank and other territories claimed by the Palestinians were "not inconsistent with international law."
Democratic and Republic administrations had until then considered settlements, at the minimum, "unhelpful" to a peaceful resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and, in some cases, illegal.
On this issue, the Biden administration reversed Trump's policy, returning to the traditional — if vague — US description settlements as problematic and unhelpful, while declining to explicitly call them illegal.
Approach to Arab nations
Biden has formed an alliance with several Arab countries to confront the Gaza war and to negotiate with Hamas.
He is also seeking to build on efforts by Trump to establish a coalition of Arab states that recognize Israel as a way to promote better regional integration.
But Biden is resisting some of the demands the countries have in order to recognize Israel. The biggest prize is regional superpower Saudi Arabia, which is conditioning its agreement to help with a nuclear power program and the establishment of a NATO-like mutual-defense security pact.
From his first days in office, Trump aggressively courted Saudi Arabia's wealthy leaders, making a trip to the desert kingdom the first of his administration. (Usually, presidents make the first trip to an established ally.)
To foster closer ties with Saudi Arabia, Trump showed a willingness to overlook the human rights record of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, including the 2018 government-ordered murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi.
Trump's crowning achievement was the Abraham Accords, in which two Gulf states, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, recognized Israel for the first time and opened diplomatic ties.
It was a breakthrough seen as the beginning of a possible new regional diplomatic order. Saudi Arabia did not join the détente but clearly endorsed it, allowing the UAE and Bahrain to act. That left Riyadh as the dangling carrot, which the Biden administration now pursues and which Trump, if elected, would like to make a priority.