Throngs of tightly packed pilgrims on the annual Hajj pilgrimage struggled as temperatures hit 51.8 degrees Celsius (125.2 Fahrenheit) in the shade of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi state TV said, with the searing heat claiming lives.
Twenty-three Tunisian citizens died while on Hajj, Tunisian state news agency Agence Tunis-Afrique-Presse said on Tuesday.
Family members said on social media that deaths were due to extreme heat, and some families were still searching for missing relatives in Saudi hospitals.
Six Jordanian citizens died of heat stroke during Hajj, the Jordanian foreign ministry said. It later said the death toll had risen to 14, but it gave no reason for the subsequent deaths.
Eleven Iranians have died, and 24 have been hospitalized during the pilgrimage, Iranian state news outlet IRINN said on Tuesday without giving the cause of death.
Three Senegalese citizens also died during Hajj, Agence de Presse Sénégalaise said on Monday.
Physical exertion for Muslim pilgrims
One hundred and forty-four Indonesian citizens died during Hajj, according to data the Indonesian health ministry shared with Reuters on Tuesday. The data did not clarify if any of the deaths were due to heat stroke.
Stampedes, tent fires, and other accidents have caused hundreds of deaths during Hajj in the past 30 years, forcing the Saudi government to build new infrastructure. The authorities now face new challenges protecting pilgrims from extreme heat.
A 2024 study by the Journal of Travel and Medicine found amid rising global temperatures worsening heat may outpace mitigating strategies, while a 2019 study by the Geophysical Research Letters said that as temperatures rise in already arid Saudi Arabia due to climate change, pilgrims performing Hajj will face "extreme danger."
The Hajj is an annual pilgrimage that millions of Muslims make to Mecca with the intention of performing religious rites as taught by the Prophet Mohammad to his followers 14 centuries ago.
A Saudi health official told Reuters that the authorities did not notice any unusual deaths among Muslim pilgrims performing Hajj during extremely high temperatures.
"We haven't noticed, thank God, any abnormal or deviation from the normal numbers of morbidities and mortalities," Jameel Abualenain, head of the Health Ministry's emergencies directorate, said.
The ministry had so far treated more than 2,700 pilgrims who suffered from heat-related illness, he added.
"Hajj is a difficult task, so you have to exert efforts and perform the rituals even in the conditions of heat and crowding," an Egyptian pilgrim told Reuters on Sunday.
Pilgrims used umbrellas to protect themselves from the sun, while Saudi authorities have issued warning pilgrims to stay hydrated and avoid being outdoors during the hottest hours of the day between 11 a.m. (0800 GMT) and 3 p.m.
Hajj, one of the largest mass gatherings in the world, is a once-in-a-lifetime duty for every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it. It will end on Wednesday.
More than 1.8 million pilgrims were expected to take part this year, according to the Saudi General Authority for Statistics.