Who were the historians who documented the Jewish revolts?
Writing almost a century after the Bar Kochba revolt, Cassius Dio’s account of the revolt indicates that the Jewish forces arrayed against Rome were formidable.
By ELI KAVONUpdated: APRIL 24, 2021 17:23A MAN STANDS beneath a waterfall at Nahal David in the Ein Gedi Nature Reserve area, near the Dead Sea.(photo credit: RONEN ZVULUN / REUTERS)
Yigael Yadin’s discovery in 1961 of the letters of Bar Kochba in a cave near Ein Gedi electrified the Jewish world. The archaeologist – a statesman and military leader – unearthed the documents and other artifacts from the Jewish rebellion against the Roman Empire in 132-135 CE in the Land of Israel. The letters Yadin discovered were invaluable. The paucity of historical accounts, especially by eyewitnesses, hampered any attempt to discover the secrets of the successes of Shimeon Bar Kosiba and his rebels for two years, fighting Rome’s best legions. Archaeology proved invaluable in reconstructing the events of a battle against overwhelming odds that ended in defeat in the Judean stronghold of Beitar.Had Yadin not discovered the letters, we would have to rely on the ancient Roman historian Cassisus Dio, Church Father Eusebius and Talmudic legends for the story of the rebellion. That would have been inadequate. Unlike the Jewish revolt against Rome 60 years earlier, there was no Josephus to write an insider’s account of the struggle.Yosef ben Mattityahu – at first the leader of Jewish forces in the Galilee who later betrayed the earlier rebellion by siding with the enemy – wrote The Jewish War as Josephus Flavius a decade after that revolt was crushed. While his Flavian Roman patrons expected Josephus to write a chronicle sympathetic to Rome, many of the details of the 66-73 CE revolt can be trusted. Far from being a turncoat, Josephus was a master polemicist in defense of Judaism in the pagan world. His genius would have illuminated the later revolt, had he not died decades earlier.That leaves us with Roman historian and statesman Cassius Dio. Writing almost a century after the Bar Kochba revolt, Cassius Dio’s account of the revolt indicates that the Jewish forces arrayed against Rome were formidable and that the empire struggled to destroy the rebels. He begins his account with the reason for the rebellion. Emperor Hadrian converted Jerusalem into a pagan city, naming it Aelia Capitolina. On the site of the destroyed Jewish Temple, he raised a new temple to Jupiter.Writes the historian, “This brought on a war of no slight importance nor of brief duration, for the Jews deemed it intolerable that foreign races should be settled in their city and foreign religious rites practiced there.” Initially, the Romans “took no account” of the rebels. But as Roman forces were defeated in battle after battle, Hadrian brought in Julius Severus, one of his best generals, who led the fierce legions and brought them from Britain to fight the Jews. Rome was successful. Judea was devastated.While the Roman forces destroyed the revolt, it was at a high cost. Cassisus Dio describes Hadrian lauding the victors but not employing in his decree to the senate, “If you and the children are in health, it is well. I and the legions are in health.” The memory of this omission is so stark that Cassius Dio, born 20 years after the revolt was crushed, included it in his history.While this pagan source is important and provides some critical information, it is no way comprehensive, even leaving out the name of Bar Kosiba or Bar Kochba, the rebels’ leader. Also, the details of the battles of the revolt are omitted. That is a shame.Church Father Eusebius, writing in the fourth century, adds little detail of the rebellion, but he does mention Bar Kochba. But this is a brief reference, part of a larger anti-Jewish polemic and does not add much to our understanding of the revolt. We are left with Jewish sources in the Talmud that do not fill this void and, for the most part, are hostile to Bar Kochba. I will give just one example from this Jewish source.RABBI AKIBA, the greatest mystic and legal mind of his epoch, believed Bar Kosiba was the Messiah who would drive the Romans out of the Land of Israel and would rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem. The illustrious rabbi referred to the revolt’s leader as “Bar Kochba,” a reference to the biblical verse “A star [kochav in Hebrew] shall step forth from Jacob.” This star was interpreted as “King Messiah.”But not all, if most, of the rabbinic leadership agreed with Akiba. Bar Kosiba was referred to by them as Ben “Koziva,” the son of a kozev, in Hebrew “a liar.” Rabbi Yochanan ben Torta said to Akiba, “Grass will rise from your cheeks and the son of David will not yet have come.” We have to treat Talmudic and Midrashic sources carefully. They did dominate the negative rabbinic view of Bar Kochba until the rise of a modern Jewish state in the 20th century. But modern Zionism does not seem, either, to be interested in a Bar Kochba free from myth.
That is why Yadin’s discovery of Ben Kosiba’s letters is so important. They grant us insight into the inner workings of the rebellion. The letters are either written in Hebrew or Aramaic to Bar Kosiba’s subordinates. He does not use the name “Bar Kochba, the King Messiah.” Instead, he signs the orders from “Shimeon bar/ben Kosiba, Nasi.” The latter word is a neutral term for “President” or “Prince” – a political and military leader. Did Bar Kosiba agree with Rabbi Akiba’s assessment of him as the Messiah? It seems not.Morris B. Margolies in Twenty Twenty: Jewish Visionaries through Two Thousand Years (2000) states that Bar Kosiba’s letters to subordinates in Ein-Gedi “are abrupt and to the point. Their sender is clearly not a person to be fooled with. He orders specified provisions to be sent to him without delay, on pain of punishment. He orders the confiscation of wheat held by a prosperous farmer. He commands the incarceration of ‘all men from Tekoa’ to be sent to him under guard. He orders the arrest of one Eleazar bar Hitta, a wealthy landowner of Ein-Gedi who failed to comply with previous orders of the supreme commander.” Bar Kosiba’s success was rooted in strict discipline and unquestionable obeying of orders.One letter found by Yadin is a request by the nasi for the Four Species waved on Sukkot. They were to be tithed. Obviously, Bar Kochba was not the portrait painted today of a secular hero from a secular kibbutz. He was a Jew who fulfilled Torah law.There is also numismatic evidence of the rebellion. An important part of archaeological discoveries is coins minted during the revolt celebrating Jewish sovereignty. But I am dealing with texts in this essay and am running out of time and ink. The coins, however, attest to the success of the rebellion, certainly during the first two years.If only a fighter for Bar Kochba would have been able to write an eyewitness account, we would know far more of the events, strategy and personality of the later rebellion. The Bar Kochba revolt, celebrated on Lag Ba’omer, remembers the last Jewish sovereign state in the Land of Israel before 1948. Let us delve into the real “Bar Kochba” – Shimeon Bar Kosiba – and move beyond the myth that has been cultivated about this remarkable leader. In the absence of a Josephus in 132 CE, we should investigate the evidence that we have to understand the nature of a revolt that lacked a Jewish historian.The writer is rabbi of Congregation Anshei Sholom in West Palm Beach, Florida.
