New Worlds: Complex metal pieces ‘printed’ at Technion
Three-dimensional printing, called stratification by professionals in the field, is often called the “Third Industrial Revolution.”
By JUDY SIEGEL-ITZKOVICHA scientist looks through a microscope(photo credit: INGIMAGE)
The first 3D printer of its kind – costing some $950,000 – has been installed at the institute of metals at Haifa’s Techion-Israel Institute of Technology.It is meant for printing out metal products such as titanium parts for the space industry, dental crowns and implants, bone replacements and more. The metal powder that is the printer’s raw material is melted with electron beams and formed into a customized solid.Three-dimensional printing, called stratification by professionals in the field, is often called the “Third Industrial Revolution.” The technology makes it possible to create even tiny parts and whole objects with complex geometries, without the need for expensive machining.The metals institute has already succeeded in printing a prototype of a satellite fuel container. In the future, the engineers will print engine blades and metal implants for knees.The Swedish-made 3D printing system, from the ARCAM company, is safe, cheap and more reliable than conventional methods based on laser beams, says the Technion. Another advantage is that it can be used with a larger variety of metal alloys than the laser systems. The close to $1 million cost includes purchase, installation, training and peripheral equipment and has been financed by the Chief Scientist’s Office in the Economy and Trade Ministry.There are only three other 3D printers for metal in Israel, and all use older laser technology; they are not used at academic institutions.“It is natural that the metals institute, which leads Israeli research in this field and enjoys much exposure to industry, should have this new technology,” said institute director Haim Rosenson. “It will help promote the advancement of the industry and encourage factories to use advanced technologies.”CENTURIES-OLD ANIMAL MYSTERY SOLVEDMost animal embryos have three layers of cells that transform into every part of the body – from brains to bones and guts. Since the 19th century, biologists have been puzzling over which of these layers came first in animal evolution. We now have the answer, thanks to a powerful 21st-century technology developed at the Technion, and deciphering the secrets of evolution may have a side benefit in helping to understand cancer.Using a method called CEL-Seq that can spy on the activity of every gene within a cell at once, Technion associate professor Itai Yanai and colleagues now provide compelling evidence that the layer called the endoderm evolved first, followed by the ectoderm layer and finally the mesoderm layer.
Yanai has other big plans for CEL-Seq.“We applied this unbelievably powerful tool to figuring out the evolution of the germ layers, a 19th-century problem, but it will also be useful in things like cutting-edge cancer research as well,” he said.Yanai’s team used CEL-Seq to show that genes in the endoderm of a worm embryo are the first to turn on in development, followed by genes turning on in the ectoderm and then mesoderm. They also detected that endoderm genes are older than genes mostly found in the ectoderm and mesoderm.In their paper published online recently in Nature, the researchers argue that the endoderm layer dates back to ancient, single-celled organisms that banded together to form the first multicellular animals. Endoderm cells kept up their ancestral feeding function in the new animals, which freed up the other cells to evolve into new layers in the animal.Understanding how evolution has altered cells in the past can also “reveal to us what is easily changeable and what is not changeable in a cell,” Yanai added. “If a cell goes into a disease state, for instance, we might know more about what we could do to reverse this state and what might be more difficult to reprogram in the cell.”CEL-Seq was invented at Technion in 2012 by the Yanai lab. He said that one way to envision the method’s power is to consider a single human cell and the 20,000 genes it contains as a room with 20,000 light switches.“Each room can have a different mood, because we can turn on or turn off those switches in many different ways. This is why cells with the same genes can have many, many different types of behavior. With this method, we can take a given cell and know the position of every switch – whether it’s on or off – and from this infer what functions are going on.”Currently a fellow at the Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study at Harvard, Yanai is using the method to study the development of tumors in zebrafish.“For the past 10 years I’ve been working on development and evolution, all seen through the eyes of gene expression,” he said, “and I’ve realized that cancer is actually a natural extension of this work, since here you also have cells developing and evolving.”Yanai’s team hasn’t finished unleashing CEL-Seq on other big questions in biology, either. One of their ongoing studies uses the method to look at all the genes in 10 vastly different animal species and compare how they are regulated throughout the development of the embryo.“We want to see what makes an animal an animal, what is universal across all of them,” Yanai said.
