People with authoritarian political views are more likely to be concerned about terrorism and border control than a health pandemic that could break out in the future, according to a new British study.
During the pandemic, rather than a desire for a stronger government with the ability to impose measures to address the pandemic and its consequences, people with authoritarian views rejected this and embraced individual autonomy.
The study offered a new perspective on when and why individual-level authoritarian perceptions of security threats change.
Scholars have traditionally linked increased security threats with more authoritarian responses – illiberalism – among people with authoritarian predispositions, but revisionist claims have argued that it is libertarians who adopt more authoritarian responses in contexts of increased security threats.
In these accounts, authoritarians are on a permanent state of alert, meaning that contexts of increased security threats have little impact on their preferences for government actions and measures.
Details of the study
Prof. Dan Stevens and Prof. Susan Banducci from the University of Exeter, and Dr Laszlo Horvath from Birkbeck College, University of London, published their findings in the journal Politics and the Life Sciences under the title “Authoritarianism, perceptions of security threats, and the COVID-19 pandemic: A new perspective.
They reexamined claims that authoritarian members of the public responded to the COVID-19 pandemic in a counterintuitive fashion. The response was counterintuitive in that, rather than a desire for a stronger government with the ability to impose measures to address the pandemic and its consequences, authoritarian individuals rejected a stronger government response and embraced individual autonomy.
They analyzed public perceptions of security threats in 2012 and in 2020. They believe that COVID-19 belongs to a distinct category of threats of which those with authoritarian views are less concerned and may even minimize. They found that COVID-19 did not seem to disproportionately affect authoritarian concern about social divisions in British society.
“This research shows different security threats should not be treated as alike,” said Stevens. “Security threats connected with health and infectious diseases such as avian flu in 2012 and COVID-19 in 2020 didn’t seem to concern those with authoritarian views in the way you would expect. This seems to be due to the nature of the threat.
“When an issue threatens social norms or damages social cohesion –which is how authoritarians tend to view immigration – they respond differently. Covid-19 was not seen as this kind of threat. However, with emerging infectious diseases increasing in frequency over the past five decades, such perceptions could develop with future pandemics.”
The surveys were the June 2012 Perceptions of Security in an Age of Austerity online survey and an online survey conducted for researchers in July 2020. Each survey asked about these 10 issues and whether respondents viewed them as national and personal threats: immigration; terrorism; weak border control; health pandemics, such as avian flu (2012) or COVID-19 (2020); environmental issues, such as global warming or greenhouse gas effects; resource scarcity; economic depression, financial crisis, and unemployment; burglary; crimes against women; and racial or religious hate crimes.
Perceptions of the five issues of terrorism, the economy, immigration, weak border control, and racial or religious hate crimes as threats were stable across the two surveys, while the new issues of health pandemic, environmental issues, and racial and religious hate crimes loomed larger in the later survey. There were increases in perceptions of almost all issues as personal threats compared to 2012; only burglary showed a small decrease.
While the economy and terrorism were among the top-ranked personal threats in both years, some of the increases in perceptions of threats from other issues were large, particularly a health pandemic and environmental issues.
Reasons for the increase in the personal threat from terrorism could be related to the number of relatively small-scale attacks that were not a feature of Islamic terrorism in the United Kingdom up to 2012, such as those at Westminster, the Manchester Arena, and London’s Borough Market in 2017.
Researchers compared changes in perceptions of the 10 threats with the amount of newspaper attention to them in the year prior to the survey, as a measure of increased or decreased threat for each issue. Media coverage of terrorism with a more personal frame increased considerably in 2020 over 2012.
Immigration was disproportionately more likely to be seen as a greater threat by authoritarians in 2020 than in 2012.
Those with authoritarian views were also more likely to identify terrorism and border control as threats in both surveys than respondents without authoritarian views.